Armistice Day has Lost its Meaning free essay sample

A gander at why Armistice Day has right now lost significance for American culture. This is a contentious paper that manages the lost importance of Armistice Day, or as it is better known, Veterans Day. The creator contends that this American occasion has lost noteworthiness and importance as a commemoration day. With 500,000 cheering, banner waving observers covering the way, and roaring drums flanked by nostalgic Glenn Miller swing music on the harvest time air, a huge number of pleased American warriors walked out of the past and up Fifth Avenue in New Yorks biggest Veterans Day Parade since the finish of World War II. This 1995 procession was a triumph of sorts because of the way that, as of late, Veterans Day perceptions have become, as Robert McFadden says, aimless, best case scenario, with observers regularly constrained to passers-by strolling their mutts or taking off for a quart of milk(On Parade). This procession was proof of a restoration in veteran gratefulness, and a reestablishment of Veterans Day as a much observed American occasion. We will compose a custom paper test on Cease-fire Day has Lost its Meaning or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, while this motorcade can be utilized to demonstrate a reestablishment in function and excitement, the genuine significance of Veterans Day, or Armistice Day as it was initially called, has been lost.

Hierarchical Team

A progressive group is a sort of group association structure in which the group is partitioned into orders and there are many center administration (Mohr 1982). There is a general administrator of the group who is place at the highest point of the order. This chief is liable for driving or controlling the directors in every chain of command to ensure that the team’s goals are met just as the general destinations of the association. The director works with the center administrators to ensure that the group is ran easily and that the authoritative objectives are being accomplished by the group. There is an administrator in every pecking order who is known as a center director who is responsible for their own area of expertise. This encourages the office to be free and in this way can manage their own issues in their area of expertise without troubling what different offices are doing. The supervisor who is responsible for this office is drives the division towards accomplishing group objectives (Heckscher and Donnellon 1994). The administrator is mindful of the entire office everywhere and in ensuring that the team’s goals are being accomplished just as the general destinations of the association. The center directors impart their advancement to the general group administrator who can assess execution and choose if the group is accomplishing the expected goals just as the general targets of the association. Since in progressive groups the group is separated into chains of command (Robbins and Judge 2007), the group can run easily in light of the fact that every office has its own occupations which are apportioned to it and the office can attempt their employments autonomously. This aides in ensuring that the division or rather the chain of command embraces their work flawlessly as they are liable for themselves and can not accuse some other office or pecking order in the event that they don't convey. This makes every office to endeavor to accomplish their objective so as not to be accused in the event that the group neglects to accomplish the expected goals just as hierarchical targets. The colleagues can connect as they work and hence (Thareja 2007), can join their abilities and accomplish the authoritative objectives without any problem. The structure underneath shows how a various leveled group resembles. A group in an association is significant as it enables the individuals in an association to function as group so as to accomplish hierarchical objectives. Individuals are likewise ready to work in a cordial domain and consequently, they can make a decent workplace just as an increasingly loosened up condition. At the point when individuals work when they are loose, they can convey better than those individuals who work under any strain (Thareja 2007). In this manner, individuals in the progressive group can convey well than those individuals that are working separately on the grounds that; the individuals in the various leveled group can collaborate as they play out their obligations. Focal points of various leveled group 1.Division of work-every progressive system inside the various leveled group is dispensed sure employments to attempt, in this manner, they can embrace the undertakings (Lim and Sambrook 2010) in light of the fact that that is the thing that they are acceptable at and in this way can convey the best. 2.Flexibility-inside a group, there are individuals who can perform more than one errands. Hence, on the off chance that somebody is missing in a division, someone else can play out their obligations and thusly, work can proceed easily absent a lot of issue. 3.The chains of command inside the group can share thoughts. This will help in ensuring that the hierarchical objectives are met. 4.Because the divisions are free, they can settle on their own choices which is best for them and which will assist them with accomplishing the team’s objectives just as hierarchical objectives. 5.Even however the entire progression is a group, every division is designated their specific occupation, causes the office to feel the responsibility for progress (Pugh 1990). For instance, if a division in a group is dispensed crafted by notice, the progression will feel better if there is an expanded deal. 6.Working as a group despite the fact that in a progression supports the resolve of the laborers. This is on the grounds that, they can interface as they work, and the work is shared among the pecking orders. 7.Because the group is sorted out in a progressive way, administration is partaken in that, a center chief is dispensed for every division (Thareja 2007), this aides in smooth running of the group and that, not only one individual who is answerable for the group however a few people as per the quantity of orders in that group. 8.The group can convey better items since they are involved a blend of individuals with various abilities and subsequently, these gifts can be utilized to accomplish authoritative objectives. Inconveniences 1.Work can be separated unjustifiably among the divisions. The work that the entire group should attempt might be separated unreasonably among the offices or the progressions (Amaral and Uzzi 2007). This hence implies a few chains of importance or divisions might be allotted a larger number of employments than the others subsequently making them work more than different offices. 2.Arguments among the divisions may rise. In the event that the team’s targets are not met, the divisions may begin accusing each other and in this manner result to contentions and even demolished connections in the association. 3.Because every office can settle on their own choice, coordination of that group might be troublesome as the divisions work autonomously. 4.Because the progressive group center more around filling in as a group instead of an individual, a few gifts and aptitudes of certain laborers may become stale in light of the fact that they may not be required or utilized in the group (Burns and Stalker 1961). 5.Poor correspondence since, correspondence is vertical in that, the top chief in the chain of importance needs to convey through the progressive systems while the administrator at the base of the pecking order needs to arrive at the top director vertically. 6.If one division neglects to play out its assignments, it might prompt the disappointment of the entire group in that the entire group will most likely be unable to accomplish its objectives.

QA for the Waitlisted

QA for the Waitlisted I know that folks on the waitlist have lots of questions; hopefully this post will be quite helpful! How does the waitlist work? We are aiming for a class of about 1,040 students this year. Based on our estimates of the percentage of admitted students who will attend (known as the yield), we admitted 1554 students. However, it isnt possible to exactly predict how many student will attend this year. To help with the uncertainties, we also keep a waitlist of students. Is the waitlist ranked? No. How many people are on the waitlist? We offered 739 applicants approximately 5.5% of applicants a spot on the waitlist. Not all of those students will choose to remain on the waitlist. Can you tell me where I am on the waitlist? As Ive said, the waitlist is not ranked. We will reconsider all of the waitlisted students again in May, when we know how many students remain on the waitlist, and how many we wish to take from the waitlist. How many people will you admit from the waitlist this year? It is impossible to know. We will have no idea how many people we will take from the waitlist until after the reply date of May 1. I wouldnt be surprised in this year of uncertainty if we took a large number of students from the waitlist, but I also wouldnt be surprised if we werent able to take anyone. What has the waitlist looked like, historically? Last year we admitted 20 students from the waitlist, and the year before we admitted 40 students. However, the three years before that, we didnt take anyone from the waitlist. But there was another recent year where we admitted more than 100 students from the waitlist. So, its hard to know how this year will look. What are the realities here? I know that while we plan for the worst, usually things dont go quite so badly. Thus, its likely that most people on the waitlist will not be admitted. I hope that you will have another great choice to fall in love with, so that no matter what happens with the MIT waitlist, everything will still turn out well for you in the end. Who do you admit from the waitlist? For example, if someone from state X or major Y declines, are you likely to look for another student like them? If we go to the waitlist, we will consider what our class looks like as one factor in choosing students. But were not strict about it. So, if an oboe player decides to go somewhere else, we may, or may not, try to take another oboe player (why is the example admissions officers always use the oboe player?). Are domestic students given priority over international students on the waitlist? No, but we do consider whether admitting international students from the waitlist would put us over our 8% international quota. Im still very interested in attending MIT. What should I do if I hope to be admitted from the waitlist? Certainly, you should return the postcard coming in the postal mail with your waitlist notification (decision letter). Additionally, I would recommend sending us a letter in mid-late April with an update on what youve been up to since our last contact. You can also feel free to provide any other information you think would be helpful. What should I not do? Here are some things you should not do: Fly to campus to make the case in person. Send us ridiculous items or bribes. Submit a whole new application. Bombard our office with way too much stuff. Be pushy. Be sketchy. Let your grades drop. Not choose another college to attend by May 1. What should I do about the May 1 reply date for other colleges? You should accept the offer of admission from another college before May 1, even if it means making a deposit. After May 1, when all students have sent their replies, colleges will determine if they need to go to their waitlist or not, and if so, how many students they need to admit. At this point, colleges will begin admitting students from the waitlist. Students who accept this offer will unenroll at the first college and enroll at the second. This shifting can lead to a second round of waitlist admissions. It is a part of the admissions process. We colleges recognize and accept this. If Im admitted off of the waitlist, do I have to go to MIT? What about financial aid? Youre not required to enroll. Well give you a financial aid package and youll have time to consider your decision before letting us know one way or the other. It is in your best interest to complete your financial aid application now, so that if you are admitted from the waitlist, well have a financial aid package ready to go. Our waitlist process, like our entire admissions process, is need blind, and we will meet full need for all admitted students. Okay, what should I do now? If you are still interested in MIT, you should stay in contact with us. A letter, a phone call, notes from people who know you well these are good things to provide. Please always be very nice in all of your interactions with us! Keep us up to date all the way through May 1 and beyond if you remain interested. And in the meantime be patient. There wont be any waitlist news until after May 1.

The Taboo Of Silence - 3339 Words

The metaphor of life as a tapestry in strands and collections of a unique handcrafted piece can be found to be disrupted in all three texts due to the presence of religion and mental illness. Within Kesey’s ‘Cuckoo’s Nest’ (1962) it is the dominant imagery of the ‘combine’ which causes the reader to question what is sanity and the process in which people with mental illness are ‘cured’ in order for them to ‘take responsibility’ and become active members of society. Highlighted in the ‘breakdown of the taboo of silence’ surrounding mental illness seen in the Community Mental illness Centers Act of 1963 which called for more community services instead of institutionalisation. Similarly in Plath’s ‘Ariel’ (1966) collection it is the brutality of the reoccurring ‘Holocaust metaphor’ and pastiche to confessional poets such Anne Sexton that asserts the argument of both faith an d mental illness being a personal relationship with the self and effectively a struggle with identity, effecting relationships with others which is expressed both in Plath’s own poetry such as ‘The Applicant’ and in Ted Hughes ‘Birthday Letters’ in poems such as ‘Fever’ . Within McEwan’s ‘Enduring Love’ (1997) it is the overarching motif, drawn from the secular society of the 90s, being both unrequited and ‘enduring’, that presents the destructive nature of both mental illness and religion, paired together in the embodiment of Jed Parry and by the intertextuality of the novel which offers an argument thatShow MoreRelatedThe Feminist Movement Involving The Arts And Theater1295 Words   |  6 Pagesmoved on to a college education. While in college, she would meet her future husband, Arasu. 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Similar to the questionable snake, the topic of sexual taboos has been disregarded for as longRead MoreBetter School Programs for Mental Health922 Words   |  4 Pageseating disorders. Without better programs in sc hools to prevent and inform about mental disorders, the current taboo on them, the bullying of students suffering, and the romanticization of diseases will continue to increase the negative effect mental disorders have on teens. The media may have started a battle against the taboo with stars admitting to problems, in most schools in America silence wrings through the halls about mental health. School should be the first place to start informing studentsRead MoreTibetan Sky Burials903 Words   |  4 PagesGunshots are going off, my men are dying everywhere the chaos does not seem to stop, and suddenly a mortar strikes our bunker. An eerie silence fills the air along with a thick cloud of black smoke. 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However, because mental health is still a taboo issue within many communities, there are many risk and protective factors that need to be taken into consideration. Evaluating these using the five levels of the social-ecological model—individual, interper sonal, organizational, community, and publicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1449 Words   |  6 PagesGilgamesh become an better leader to his people by permitting him to better understand and identify with them. Even though the myth of Gilgamesh is very ancient, friendship and death still have a contemporary significances as well as contemporary societal taboo that we as a society can’t comprehend and that involves their friendship that is often questionable by some. Considering the theme of death in the poem, friendship can also be observed not only as a part of life, but as a primal in order to make humanRead MoreDomestic Violence1120 Words   |  5 Pagesthe many statistics about domestic violence that show how big of a problem this truly is. The problem is domestic violence is a taboo topic that no one really wants to talk about. â€Å"The data shows us that conversations about these issues simply are not happening,† stated Carol Kurzig, the presiden t of the Avon Foundation for Women, noted in a recent statement. â€Å"That silence leaves victims trapped by the shame, stigma and fear that these crimes carry. If we can encourage more people to start talkingRead MoreTranscultural Exoticism Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesmusical revolution. One idea that was popularized at the time by composers like Mozart was exoticism. Exoticism in music is essentially incorporating another culture’s music in to one’s own work with the intent of â€Å"othering† a character, expressing taboo, or even just to set a scene. There’s two main sorts of exoticism and while it is used to alienate foreign characters and can be derogatory it can also just be transcultural. Essentially the two types of exoticism are just that, transcultural exoticism

The Problem Of Drug Addiction - 892 Words

February 2016, at my first job feeling alienated and abandoned I made a bong with my boss and smoked weed. A few months later, I did cocaine with my other boss and was instantly in love with it. This was the greatest mistake of my life and it resulted in a 6 year period of self-destruction that often accompanies addiction. Drug addiction has always been common in societies since the dawn of civilization. What causes drug abuse though? Theories abound from peer-pressure (plays a role) to dysfunctional (broken) homes. The sensation of drug addiction originates from the emotional and societal factors that affect each individual. It starts out recreational, to let loose and briefly enjoy a sensation of joy and forget the troubles of your family situation. I come from a home that was broken multiple times and everyone I’ve encountered with drug issues has come from a broken (dysfunctional/neglectful) home. Obviously, the desire to fit in with peers plays a role, but why? People gravitate towards what is similar to them. If you’re broken and unable to cope, you will find yourself becoming intimate with others who are broken and don’t know how to cope. When you find this flock of society, you will look at what they’re doing to feel better or â€Å"normal† and imitate. Drugs are easy to fall in love with due to the sanctuary they grant from current conditions as well as for those who seek constant euphoria. Drugs subtly become an addict’s singular spring of delight for the individualShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1233 Words   |  5 PagesThis report will outline the problems of drug addiction that have arisen in the young teens and as well give possible solutions on how to overcome it. Drug addiction, increasing immensely in our society, is currently the biggest problem in young teens these days. Looking at the future of our country drowning in drugs is a big disappointment. To prevent drug addiction parents should guide their children into the right path, schools should promote healthy living, and the government should step forwardRead MoreDrug Addiction Problem1399 Words   |  6 PagesSolving the Problem of Drug Addiction 1.Drug abuse and addiction continues to be a global issue. According to the â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime† (UNODC), about 5% of the global population used an illicit drug in 2010 alone, and about 27 million or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the world can be categorized as drug abusers. A7 2.This paper explores some of the measures that can be taken to resolve the drug addiction problem in the world. 3.Addressing various risk and protectiveRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction974 Words   |  4 Pagesan addiction, whether a person is addicted to alcohol, methamphetamines, marijuana or over the counter drugs, people often have different sides to this. Some may say that an addiction is a disease; others say that an addiction is just a poor choice of a person’s life. The National Institute on Drug Abuse states that â€Å"†¦drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuseRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction952 Words   |  4 Pagesperson initially taking drugs can vary and while the action itself is voluntary: the eventual drug addiction is essentially involuntary. Drug addiction is a complex and chronic disease, a brain disease, which changes the way the brain functions. Drug addiction, much like chronic illnesses such as heart disea se and diabetes, disrupts healthy, normal functioning organs. This has harmful consequences that are both preventable and treatable (Branch, 2011, pp.263-265). Drug addiction is considered a brainRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction930 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumed alcohol, 15% have smoked cigarettes, and 16.5% have used marijuana. † A drug can be defined as a something which â€Å"alters your mind or body that is not food † which is something all of these substances have in common. There has been a massive increase in underage consumption of illegal substances in the last several decades. These substances which young people are using are known for being very addictive. Addiction is much more likely to occur when started at a young age and having more severeRead MoreThe Problems of Drug Addiction954 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction A reasonable number of people do not understand why other people get addicted to drugs. Some even associate drug abuse and addiction with lack of moral principles or willpower. People subscribing to this school of thought believe that drug addicts can stop using drugs by simply changing their behavior. They fail to realize that drug addiction is a complex disease whose eradication calls for many things other than changing habits. Drugs basically change the way a human brain worksRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1796 Words   |  8 Pages Drug addiction has long been and still is a typical issue around the world. Jesmyn Ward writes about the effect of drug addiction in her community in DeLisle and the toll it took in her life and Rog’s life. There are different reason why people get addicted and various levels to which people become dependent on drugs, but the main thing I am going to be addressing is the multiple perspective on the causes for addiction. The ones I am going to explore are Low Income neighborhoods, social, financialRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction967 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction is an ever-growing problem faced in society and, although the government tries to take action to keep drugs off the streets, people of all social classes and backgrounds still fall victim to drug abuse. However, environmental situations can make an individual more susceptible: age, gender, location, genetics, family situations and the like can all be factors into an individuals’ drug habit. There are complications with picking the correct plan suited to a person. Each client is theirRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1042 Words   |  5 PagesOPENING/ATTENTION: In reality, drug addiction is an unpredictable ailment, and stopping takes more than great goals or an in number will. Truth be told, because drugs change the mind in ways that cultivate compulsive drug misuse, stopping is troublesome, notwithstanding for the individuals why should prepared do as such The dependence on medications is a troublesome thing for any person to bargain with. Often, habit prompts the decay of a man s prosperity, budgetary security, and health. Drug addicts experienceRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction2110 Words   |  9 PagesMODEL(S) OF ADDICTION In going through the counseling process with Marge she was explained that there is the possibility that it could be a factor of genetics. When considering her background one has realized that she not only has an alcohol addiction, but it was the same for her father and her uncle, both of whom had lost their lives to the disease. In talking about the disease model with Marge she seemed to be more at ease with the situation and more willing to accept the fact that she does have

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction Free Essays

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has become a metaphor for 21st-century security concerns. Although nuclear weapons have not been used since the end of World War II, their influence on international security affairs is pervasive, and possession of WMD remains an important divide in international politics today (Norris 61). The nuclear postures of the former Cold War rivals have evolved more slowly than the fast-breaking political developments of the decade or so that has elapsed since the former Soviet Union collapsed. We will write a custom essay sample on The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nevertheless, some important changes have already taken place. By mutual consent, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972 was terminated by the United States and Russia, which have agreed to modify their nuclear offensive force posture significantly through a large reduction in the number of deployed delivery systems. Nuclear weapons are no longer at the center of this bilateral relationship. Although the two nations are pursuing divergent doctrines for their residual nuclear weapons posture, neither approach poses a threat to the other. The structure, but not the detailed content, of the future U.S. nuclear posture was expressed in the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), which established a significant doctrinal shift from deterrence to a more complex approach to addressing the problem of proliferated WMD. The Russian doctrinal adaptation to the post-Cold War security environment is somewhat more opaque. The government appears to be focused on developing and fielding low-yield weapons that are more suitable for tactical use, though the current building of new missiles and warheads may be associated with new strategic nuclear payloads as well. Despite the diminished post ­Cold War role of nuclear weapons in the United States, the cumulative deterioration of Russia’s conventional military force since 1991 has actually made nuclear weapons more central to that government’s defense policy. The end of the adversarial relationship with the Soviet Union (and later, the Russian Federation) had to be taken into account in the NPR. The current nuclear posture is evolving in a manner parallel to the modernization of the U.S. non-nuclear military establishment. In stark contrast to Cold War ­era military planning, the 21st century is likely to be characterized by circumstances in which the adversary is not well known far in advance of a potential confrontation. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is adjusting to these new circumstances by developing highly capable and flexible military forces that can adapt to the characteristics of adversaries as they appear. This makes the traditional path to modernization through investment in weapons systems as the threat emerges economically infeasible. Modern information technology lets the military change the characteristics of its flexible weapons and forces in much less time than it would take to develop whole new weapons systems. Thus, DOD is attempting to create a military information system: the integrated effect of command-control-communications-computation-intelligence-surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR). This system is inherently more flexible for adapting to changes in the threat environment. WMD and the means to deliver them are mature technologies, and knowledge of how to create such capabilities is widely distributed. Moreover, the relative cost of these capabilities declined sharply toward the end of the 20th century. Today, the poorest nations on earth (such as North Korea and Pakistan) have found WMD to be the most attractive course available to meet their security needs (Lieggi 2). Proliferation of WMD was stimulated as an unintended consequence of a U.S. failure to invest in technologies such as ballistic missile defense that could have dissuaded nations from investing in such weapons. The United States’ preoccupation with deterring the Soviet Union incorporated the erroneous assumption that success in that arena would deter proliferation elsewhere (Barnaby 7). This mistake was compounded by the perverse interaction between defense policy and arms control in the 1990s. Misplaced confidence was lodged in a network of multilateral agreements and practices to prevent proliferation that contributed to obscuring rather than illuminating what was happening. Confidence placed in the inspection provisions of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), for example, obscured efforts to obtain knowledge of clandestine WMD programs. NPT signatories were among those nations with clandestine WMD programs. Without a modernization of defense policy, the ready availability of WMD-related technology will converge with their declining relative cost and a fatally flawed arms control structure to stimulate further proliferation in the 21st century. The process whereby WMD and ballistic missile technology has proliferated among a group of nations that otherwise share no common interests are likely to become the template for 21st-century proliferation. The scope of this problem was recognized in part as a result of a comprehensive review of intelligence data in 1997 ­1998 by the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (the Rumsfeld Commission). This recognition swiftly evolved into a set of significant policy initiatives that responded to changes in the international security environment. The arms control arrangements most closely identified with the adversarial relationship with the former Soviet Union were passà ©. In 1999 the Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; the United States and Russia ended the 1972 ABM Treaty and agreed to jettison the START process, which kept nuclear deployments at Cold War levels in favor of much deeper reductions in offensive forces in 2002. U.S. policy began to evolve in response to these developments. The incompatibility between the Cold War legacy nuclear posture and the 21st-century security environment stimulated a search for approaches to modernize policies pertinent to nuclear weapons. In response to statutory direction, the Bush administration published the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Nuclear Posture Review, the National Defense Strategy of the United States, and the National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. Taken together, these documents constitute the most profound change in U.S. policy related to nuclear weapons since the Eisenhower administration (Krepon 1). The unique capabilities of nuclear weapons may still be required in some circumstances, but the range of alternatives to them is much greater today. The evolution of technology has created an opportunity to move from a policy that deters through the threat of massive retaliation to one that can reasonably aspire to the more demanding aim–to dissuade. If adversary WMD systems can be held at risk through a combination of precision non-nuclear strike and active defense, nuclear weapons are less necessary (Albright 2). By developing a military capability that holds a proliferators’ entire WMD posture at risk rather than relying solely on the ability to deter the threat or use of WMD after they have been developed, produced, and deployed, the prospects for reducing the role of WMD in international politics are much improved. The 21st-century proliferation problem creates a set of targets significantly different from those that existed during the Cold War. Few targets can be held at risk only by nuclear weapons, but the ones that are appropriate may require different characteristics and, in many circumstances, different designs than those currently in the nuclear stockpile. The nature of the targets and the scope of the potential threat also alter the character of the underlying scientific, engineering, and industrial infrastructure that supports the nuclear weapons posture.   This research paper will therefore seek to discuss the problem of nuclear devices or WMDs (as they are presently termed) and try to address to current policy issues surrounding the matter. RESEARCH OUTLINE: INTRODUCTION: a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what is the problem surrounding nuclear threats in the 21st century b.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what are the recent developments surrounding this issue c.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what solutions have been successful in addressing these problem BODY: a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   who are nuclear threats b.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what has been done to stop c.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   What can be done? d.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   What can the US do? What can the UN do? CONCLUSION: References: Robert Norris and Hans Kristensen, â€Å"Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2006,† Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62. no. 3 (2006): 61. Stephanie Lieggi, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, â€Å"Going Beyond the Stir: the strategic realities of China’s No First Use policy,† Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_70.html (accessed June 30, 2006). Frank Barnaby and Shaun Barnie, Thinking the Unthinkable: Japanese nuclear power and proliferation in East Asia (Oxford, UK: Oxford Research Group and Citizens’ Nuclear Information Center, 2005): 7†³8. George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.) Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones Ziad Haider eds., â€Å"Escalation Control the Nuclear Option in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, September 2004, http://www.stimson.org/pub.cfm?id=191, (May 2005). David Albright and Cory Hinderstein, â€Å"Uncovering the Nuclear Black Market: Working Toward Closing Gaps in the International Nonproliferation Regime,† Institute for Science International Security, July 2004, http://www.isis-online.org/publications/southasia/ nuclear_black_market.html, (May 2005). Text of â€Å"Export Controls on Goods, Technologies, Material, and Equipment Related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems Act, 2004,† Published in Gazette of Pakistan, 27 September 2004, Cited at, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/ Infcircs/2004/infcirc636.pdf, (May 2005). Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne eds., â€Å"The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Brinksmanship in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2001, http://www.stimson.org/pubs.cfm?ID=1, (May 2005). Feroz Hassan Khan, â€Å"The Independence-Dependence Paradox: Stability Dilemmas in South Asia,† Arms Control Association, October 2003, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_10/Khan_10.asp, (May 2005). Ashley J. Tellis, India’s Emerging Nuclear Posture: Between Recessed Deterrent and Ready Arsenal, (Santa Monica: Rand, 2001.) How to cite The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Essay examples

Romeo And Juliet Essays (618 words) - English-language Films

Romeo And Juliet Daniela Conde A Motherly Role In the Shakespearean Tragedy, Romeo and Juliet we discover how strong the power of love really is. Romeo and Juliet never attempt to change the position of the two opposing households with their hearts but tragically succeed in the end, with the taking of their lives. They both kept the news of their actions hidden from their family but Juliet was the one who lied ridiculously to her parents, especially to her mother, someone who she should've learned to trust. But how could she? Lady Capulet was often portrayed as a cold and distant authority figure that Juliet feared instead of loved and confided in. A loving relationship between the two should've been established from the beginning. ? When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple of my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool, to it tetchy and fall out with the dug,? (Shakespeare 749). This quote by Nurse Angelica informs us that not only did Lady Capulet not bond with Juliet by letting her drink the milk of her breasts, but also permitted the nurse to become more of a motherly figure for Juliet. Lady Capulet was too morally selfish to see that her daughter was going to grow up to love and a trust Nurse Angelica instead of her self. When she finally recognizes her faults in raising Juliet, it is too late! That's why when Juliet seeks advice about the virtues of love her mother is never in consideration. Many mixed feelings keep Juliet from revealing the truth to her mother. Within them lies the fear of her mother's disapproval of her grand devotion for Romeo. Lady Capulet imposes fear upon Juliet by festering her about marrying County Paris. She succeeds when Juliet responds to her badgering by announcing, ?I'll look to like, if looking liking move; but no more deep will I endart mine eye then your consent gives strength to make it fly,? (Shakespeare 751). This shows that Lady Capulet has such a control over her daughter that consent is needed over her marriage decisions. The friend is not found in her mother but instead a figure of authority is found. So then, who is the real crony? Nurse Angelica is the person that Juliet trusted the most with her troubles. She's announced as the real mother silently within Juliet's actions. But the trust that has developed between them that could never sprout among her mother and she soon takes a plummet to the ruins of betrayal. Nurse Angelica tells Juliet to marry Paris and forget her Romeo. Juliet soon storms into wild frenzy and spits bitter words against the nurse, ?Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend,? (Shakespeare 815). At this point, a girl would most commonly turn to her mother for some words of wisdom. Lady Capulet is the mother, but not in the eyes of Juliet because their relationship was never tightly knit or knit at all. Juliet was far too frightened of the passionless authority figure in Lady Capulet that she didn't allow her emotions to ever connect with her mothers. Thus, the secrets that Juliet kept were revealed until the end when she lied dead on the floor of the vault. That was when Lady Capulet realized how distant her relationship really was with her daughter. The gap between them must have been one of the factors that lead to Juliet's secrets and ended in the taking of her life. If her mother would've have interrogated Juliet on her feelings, she might have noticed Juliet was keeping something. Lady Capulet played her character impeccable but as the mother, she failed capturing the real motherly role! Bibliography I am an a student? Shakespeare Essays

buy custom Hamlet’s and Titus’s “Madness” and Its Function essay

buy custom Hamlet’s and Titus’s â€Å"Madness† and Its Function essay Madness in its function as a theme in both the works of Hamlet and Titus is a major theme. Madness itself by definition is a mental incapacity that could have been caused by an unmentionable injury. Most of the injuries are internal within the mind of the subject and do not reveal themselves until put in the right set of circumstances such as instances of stress. The Titus and Hamlet stories have been replayed in the form of film as well as in paperback. Their stories are having similar themes of madness that have been expressed in different ways. Perception of Titus The movie version of Titus Andronicus sees him as the protagonist. He is the great general quite similar to Maximus Aurelius in the gladiator film, full of dignity and chivalry just returned from war. The people revere and admire their great general and request that he become their king in their time of chaos. He is quite an honorable person, and a loving father. He is the type that sticks to tradition and this is where his weakness lies where he fails to read and adapt to the changing emotional climate around him. According to the religious ritual, he mercilessly sacrifices the son of the Goth queen. This is the first act that helps tip the dominoes in the order of events. The rest of the events proceed to fall into place after this act. He falls into a madness that rivals that of the great king Lear. The armor that surrounded the world around him and gave him protection is shattered and, thus, he cannot maintain a steady view of the world that he currently is in. In other words, he became acutely aware of how the world worked and this shatters the confidence he once had in the way that it works. This is the injury that we cannot see and yet manifests itself in the stressful situations that he faces. He once acknowledges in a scene, which would be bittersweet and a bit absurd that the goddess of justice had fled the world. In this respect, he finds a solution in writing letters and strapping them around arrows and shooting them at the heavens in a bid to solicit attention from the gods on the wrongs he experiences. This leads him to transform his madness into vengeance and he embarks on a path that sees him as a mystery chef. Here, he ends up serving up his enemies in pies and their mother eats these. Perception of Hamlet in the play The plot for Hamlet follows a similar path of madness whereby, the death of his father sees the young prince Hamlet return home from studies in Wittenberg to the Danish court. At this time, less than two months had passed since the passing of the king and yet the older brother had taken over things in many ways. He became the ruler of Denmark and the second husband to Gertrude who is the mother of Hamlet. The prince is quite disturbed by the new turn of events. On the one hand, he is grieving for the death of his father, and on the other, his brother has insulted his memory by marrying his mother. His brother has also taken leadership of the empire. He needed to make sense of the new world he lived in at that time. Element of madness The ghost of the dead king appears to Hamlet and tells him that Claudius, Hamlets brother, killed him. It tells him to resort to kill him in revenge and avenge the death of the king. In response to this, Hamlet vows not to think of anything else in view of these events. Unfortunately, Hamlet has a wide intellect and this serves to rile his conscience into working against him. He begins to question the righteousness of what he plans to do. On the other hand, he has sworn allegiance to the ghost of the king to execute his revenge. Thus, he is torn between the two, he decides to feign madness to his brother in order to conceal the true intentions of what he plans to do, and this while he seeks to attain the concrete proof of his guilt. On the other hand, Hamlet shows a romantic interest for Ophelia who is the daughter of Polonius. He advises his daughter to reject the advances of the prince. When he observes the subsequent odd behavior of Hamlet after pursuing Ophelia and this leads him to claim the prince has been turned mad by his love for the woman. The king distrusts his stepson and in resorts to send two of his friends to Wittenberg in order to discern the true state of mind of Hamlet (Maraden 2). Hamlet is guilt ridden and doubts himself about why he did not execute the agreement that he made with the ghost of his dead father. This leads him to ask a band of thespians to re-enact the death of his old father in front of the new father. Claudius reacts violently and reaffirms the intentions of Hamlet that now willingly plots to assassinate him. The theme of madness in Hamle is such that he does not know about it and his mind pulls a veil in front of his eyes thus, he views his actions as quite rational. However, to an objective eye, Hamlet is just reacting as expected to a world that has gone mad. His mother has remarried, but with his older brother. His father is dead, but no one wants to acknowledge that he was alive. It is only rational that he starts hearing voices in the form of the ghost of his dead father and acts in accordance with his consultations with what he sees and hears. It seems that he has another world that he conceals to himself, one of which is his property and which relates to his suffering from grieving the death of his father. The other thing is that he retains a mild amount of control within this world. At least, in a world where his fathers ghost exists, the feelings brought out are his innermost desires and suspicions about his fathers death. He cannot say all of this within the presence of his elder brother because the real world would not tolerate these notions. Comparisons between Titus and Hamlet These notions only had space in his mind where they would thrive undisturbed. Titus is in a similar position by default. It seems that Shakespeare used a similar character trait while plotting out the stories of these two people. They were both of noble character they had been away from their home and were nostalgic of the way things were at their respective homes. It is here where they share their madness as from a similar source. They both relate in the manner that they both were used to a particular system of change. They were both rigid and slow to adapt which is a defining element in both of their personalities. Suddenly an event happened in both of their worlds that changed everything for them. Their inability to adapt to the situation caused the break from reality because they were not able to deal with it. In response to this, they created their own separate realities where they were able to control events or at the least have their desires receive an audience and all of this happened without their knowledge. In the case of Titus, he goes about his duties with the best interest of his loved ones at heart in a way that he feels the world ought to work. The public wants him to rule, but he forfeits the power to give it to Saturninus. He even throws his daughter to be his wife as part of the bargain and in the end, the emperor goes on to marry the prisoner or war, Tamora, whose son he killed (Koumakpai, 75). In the first place, she was the only one in opposition when Titus took it upon himself to slay her son in accordance with the tradition. She swore revenge and when she got married to the emperor, she was promoted to a very senior position in Rome. It was one of the things, which spelt the end for Titus. At the same time, it was one of the tiny things, which would be termed as extreme changes to his world. Thus, explaining the earlier thesis of this paper. The inability to change to suit their environment in the characters of Hamlet and Titus was their downfall and led to their madness. If a person who cannot respond to their surroundings with the appropriate adaptation, then when a situation arises that causes great stress, they get mental abuse. This may translate to a break from reality. Some writings of Titus attribute his madness to grief and sorrow that he went through (Davis 44). This sorrow comes from the fate of his sons who died while in battle. Justification for Titus madness Their losses to him pierce his heart and soul and remain wounds that remain unseen, but haunt him nonetheless. This punishment is more than which he can take, but he continues to sacrifice for the good of Rome. He experiences further hardships targeting his body and especially his family. His daughter is raped and mutilated and his own hand is cut off (Skubal 130). Not to mention, that his two sons were beheaded and one was banished. Therefore, he has to struggle with feelings of betrayal and shame. His sons either are dead or considered not a part of the society. On the other hand, his daughter who is the remaining child he has around is defiled and probably will not retain her dignity ever. His family name has been soiled in the process. This is a man that gave so much for the glory of Rome including risking his life in battle and sacrificing one of his sons. In return, Rome made his enemy the wife of the emperor and allowed the defiling of his daughter. Any person would understand, his break from reality, it was warranted and necessary for his survival in the bottom line. In the film version of the movie Hamlets portrayal by the actor Branagh is quite interesting because Hamlet is indeed mad though he does not see it through his own eyes and his own minds fools him into pretending he was mad to keep him from discovery, which was rather brilliant. In this way, he has to conceal the fact from himself that he was truly mad; however, he was a genuine intellect in the film. Distinguishing Hamlet from Titus and the theme of tragedy He still had quite a few wits about him and he probably would not have brought himself to kill himself for the purpose of revenge yet his madness was driving him steadily to a point of self-destruction. The root of his madness seems to stem specifically from his father. Most people would attribute it from the love of the mother, as previous tales would follow. Hamlet does not seem to be overtly oedipal (Anderegg 132). In this case, he would seek out her honor and try to avenge it. Her husband is also her son, which is a major violation and disgrace, which would probably cause shame to her in the first place. However, he does not do it for her love or he does not show it. He approaches the problem from the angle of the son wanting revenge for his father. Having a little of his wits about him, he collects himself to create a pretense of his madness to divert suspicion away from himself and present himself as harmless. Titus uses the same ploy. The ploy works well for a while to serve the two protagonists purposes. However, it is not as successful in the case of Hamlet. He only manages to eliminate one of his enemies, the father of Ophelia, Polonius who was against his courtship of Ophelia. He misses his target who was Claudius. On the other hand, Titus experiences some extent of success. He feigns madness by ordering the shooting of arrows into the sky to the Gods to petition their negligence. In response, Tamora arrives at his home with her two sons and they are disguised as the Gods of revenge rape and murder. When he sees this, he begs Tamora to leave him alone with the Gods of rape and murder who were her sons. He proceeds to have them tied up and gagged. Then he has their throats slit and his daughter collects their blood, which is spilt. He prepares a pastry with their blood, crushed bones, and prepares a pie by baking their heads. This goes on to culminate to the climax. He invites the emperor, his wife Tamora, as well as Lucius and Marcus. He serves Tamora with the flesh of her two sons and kills his daughter to put her put of her misery. He then explains to Tamora what he did and goes on to stab her (Shakespeare Theatre 10). In response, her husband turns and kills him as a reaction; however, Lucius kill Satarninus himself. Therefore, Lucius assumes the throne. It seems that Titus goal was that of self-destruction like a kamikaze pilot even if he himself was not aware of his plot. His plot for revenge got fuel from his madness and directed toward Tamora and her family for destroying his image of the world. One could say it was his remaining reason to live from all of the tragic happenings in his life. His want for revenge became tragic because it consumed him completely until there was nothing left. Everything that he would term as part of himself was destroyed in the plot to kill his enemies. Hamlet is much like Titus and is consumed by his need to avenge the death of his father. At the same time, everything he does has a way of coming back to haunt him just as Titus. This includes the killing the father of his love interest even if it was by accident. The daughter is haunted by the actions that she drowns herself. Conclusion Her brother, Laertes sees what she has done, sees the involvement of Hamlet, and plots revenge against him with the help of the king Claudius. In this way, Hamlet differs from Titus because he does not become self destructive to the point that he would knowingly cause his own suicide/ murder. He dies at the hands of another, although, they planned his death the whole time. He is an intellectual rather than a fanatic that wants to play out his revenge at any cost. In this case, the tragedy is that so many people had to die because of feigned or actual madness (Mercer 6). There is no ghost in Hamlet and so that could be considered as evidence for madness on the part of Hamlet. However, other than that he does not exhibit any signs of insanity. This situation mixed with the hostile environment and paranoia that exists in his brother is enough to set events in motion to end in the deaths of almost everyone involved just as in the tale of Titus Andronicus. Both tales show the effects of their revenge plots as having sad and tragic endings with the deaths of the protagonists as well as their loved ones. Buy custom Hamlet’s and Titus’s â€Å"Madness† and Its Function essay

Epicurus His Philosophy of Pleasure

Epicurus His Philosophy of Pleasure Wisdom hasnt come a step further since Epicurus but has often gone many thousands of steps backwards.​Friedrich Nietzsche About Epicurus Epicurus (341-270 B.C.) was born in Samos and died in Athens. He studied at Platos Academy when it was run by Xenocrates. Later, when he joined his family on Colophon, Epicurus studied under Nausiphanes, who introduced him to the philosophy of Democritus. In 306/7 Epicurus bought a house in Athens. It was in its garden that he taught his philosophy. Epicurus and his followers, who included slaves and women, secluded themselves from the life of the city. The Virtue of Pleasure Epicurus and his philosophy of pleasure have been controversial for over 2000 years. One reason is our tendency to reject pleasure as a moral good. We usually think of charity, compassion, humility, wisdom, honor, justice, and other virtues as morally good, while pleasure is, at best, morally neutral, but for Epicurus, behavior in pursuit of pleasure assured an upright life. It is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and honorably and justly, and it is impossible to live wisely and honorably and justly without living pleasantly. Whenever any one of these is lacking, when, for instance, the man is not able to live wisely, though he lives honorably and justly, it is impossible for him to live a pleasant life.Epicurus, from Principal Doctrines Hedonism and Ataraxia Hedonism (a life devoted to pleasure) is what many of us think of when we hear Epicurus name, but ataraxia, the experience of optimal, enduring pleasure, is what we should associate with the atomist philosopher. Epicurus says we should not try to increase our pleasure beyond the point of maximum intensity. Think of it in terms of eating. If youre hungry, theres pain. If you eat to fill the hunger, you feel good and are behaving in accordance with Epicureanism. In contrast, if you gorge yourself, you experience pain, again. The magnitude of pleasure reaches its limit in the removal of all pain. When such pleasure is present, so long as it is uninterrupted, there is no pain either of body or of mind or of both together. Satiation According to Dr. J. Chander*, in his course notes on Stoicism and Epicureanism, for Epicurus, extravagance leads to pain, not pleasure. Therefore we should avoid extravagance. Sensual pleasures move us towards ataraxia, which is pleasing in itself. We should not pursue endless stimulation, but rather seek out enduring satiation. All desires that do not lead to pain when they remain unsatisfied are unnecessary, but the desire is easily got rid of, when the thing desired is difficult to obtain or the desires seem likely to produce harm. The Spread of Epicureanism According to The Intellectual Development and Spread of Epicureanism, Epicurus guaranteed the survival of his school (The Garden) in his will. Challenges from competing for Hellenistic philosophies, notably, Stoicism and Skepticism, spurred Epicureans to develop some of their doctrines in much greater detail, notably their epistemology and some of their ethical theories, especially their theories concerning friendship and virtue. Stranger, here you will do well to tarry; here our highest good is pleasure. The caretaker of that abode, a kindly host, will be ready for you; he will welcome you with bread, and serve you water also in abundance, with these words: Have you not been well entertained? This garden does not whet your appetite; but quenches it. Anti-Epicurean Cato In 155 B.C., Athens exported some of its leading philosophers to Rome, where Epicureanism, in particular, offended conservatives like Marcus Porcius Cato. Eventually, however, Epicureanism took root in Rome and can be found in the poets, Vergil (Virgil), Horace, and Lucretius. Pro-Epicurean Thomas Jefferson More recently, Thomas Jefferson was an Epicurean. In his 1819 Letter to William Short, Jefferson points up the shortcomings of other philosophies and the virtues of Epicureanism. The letter also contains a short Syllabus of the doctrines of Epicurus. Ancient Writers on the Topic of Epicureanism EpicurusDiogenes LaertiusLucretiusCiceroHoraceLucianCornelius NeposPlutarchSenecaLactantiusOrigen Sources David John Furley Epicurus Whos Who in the Classical World. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Tony Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 2000. Hedonism and the Happy Life: The Epicurean Theory of Pleasure, www.epicureans.org/intro.html Stoicism and Epicureanism, moon.pepperdine.edu/gsep/ class/ethics/stoicism/default.html

METHODOLOGY POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

METHODOLOGY POLICY - Essay Example Organizations operate with the aim of attaining economic efficiencies. Production is guided by the law of marginal utility and continues until marginal returns equal marginal cost of production. Beyond this point, production is inefficient and organizations stop production. The graph shows an increasing trend in production and therefore explains that marginal utility from production is still lower than unit production cost. Based on the theory, advantage in production cost or higher demand into higher utility could explain the trend. The theory however fails to recognize the role of social utility in production and resource distribution (The State of Working America, 1; Wolf and Reinsick 52- 55). Labor theory of value explains that labor cost is the main driver of commodities’ cost, and therefore indicators of productivity. The graph, based the theory, shows that labor costs have been increasing at a higher rate than median family income. It also demonstrates inequality in labor wages. The theory’s rationale is similar to that of neoclassical theory (The State of Working America 1; Wolf and Reinsick 169). Keynesian theory explains a relationship between productivity and aggregate demand. The graph, based on the theory shows an increase in demand despite lower increase rate in income and therefore suggests increase in number of households towards higher demand and productivity values. Rationale of Keynesian theory is similar to that of neoclassical theory (The State of Working America 1; Wolf and Reinsick 126). Institutionalist methodology focuses on social utility instead of economic efficiency. Based on the approach, the graph demonstrates increasing investments into social utilities while demand driven production could have similar changes to median income. The investments could be from the government and private entities. This is contrary to neoclassical perspective economic efficiency (The State of Working America

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - Essay Example The chapter has addressed a way of initiating a relationship. There are relationships of circumstance and those of choice. (172) the former is characterized by individuals’ lives overlapping, which enhances contacts, while the later is defined by the relations made with friends or partners. Both relationships are however not mutually exclusive. In the same page, the author reveals a number of issues that would define personal attraction particularly what is referred to as short term initial attraction and long-term maintenance attraction. Away from sexual and physical attraction, it is also noted that intellectual, spiritual and personality attraction plays a huge role in personal attraction. In their further arguments, the author identifies a few more things that they believe plays a very important role in defining interpersonal attraction. Some of these issues that have been identified include; similarity. By this, it is noted that there are things that brings individuals together based on characteristics, attitudes, values as well as interests, which are common among them. Others that have also been noticed are physical attraction, sexual attraction, the proximity with which one is to another, the complementarity of others specifically people whose interests and activities differ but complement one another. The chapter looks in details, what one would say first and in what context does one say something. In the process of saying things for the first time, one would certain ask questions. The chapter is quick in highlighting things that are believed to come out in questions and therefore provides some clue on how one can ask great questions. The author describes what he believes to mean a great question. Asking a great question is noted to mean tailoring the question to the person as much as possible then using what one has learnt and observed to formulate the question. The chapter provides a hint on how people can

Function And Production Of Insulin

Function And Production Of Insulin Insulin is a protein produced by islet cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps human body regulate glucose in the body. Insulin reduces the use of fats as energy (gluconeogenesis) by utilizing glucose to produce energy. Patient with diabetes require insulin to keep the blood glucose levels under control. (1) The first successful insulin was produced from ox pancreas (bovine insulin). Bovine insulin is similar to human insulin however bovine chemical composition is slightly different hence the body immune system produces antibody to reject bovine insulin. (4) Identical human insulin was produced by recombinant DNA technology, by inserting the insulin gene into a vector to produce human insulin. Production of human insulin by recombinant technology was accomplished and commercialized in 1982 by Genentech and Eli Lilly. (2) Function Carbohydrates consumed are broken down into glucose which then resides in the bloodstreams. This causes the body blood glucose (BBG) level to rise. The pancreas senses the rise in BBG level therefore, secretes insulin into the bloodstreams. The cell will absorb the released insulin and bind to it. Cells that are attached with insulin are able to absorb glucose from the bloodstream and turned it into energy. This energy is vital for new cell growth and repairing damage cells. The main function of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into the body cells and convert glucose into energy. (3) Chosen Host Escherichia coli (E. coli) E. coli was used as a host to produce recombinant insulin since 1982. E. coli was widely used as host for the production of recombinant insulin because it was well studied, many vectors available and good characteristic. (5) E. coli advantages and suitability for producing insulin. (6) Fast growth rate e.g. able to reach optimal yield within hours of induction. Economical to grow and undemanding growth conditions. Good protein production rate. Can be frozen for storage and thawed immediately for usage. Cellular structure E. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium measuring 1.8 microns in length and 0.8 microns in width. E. coli consist of: (7) Inner and outer cell membrane Cell wall Periplasm Flagella Pili Cytoplasm Chromosome The two main structures are cytoplasm and periplasm, where the production of recombinant insulin usually takes place. (5) Structure Details and functions Cytoplasm (7) The cytoplasm contains most of the major component such as chromosomal DNA, RNA, nucleoid and ribosome. Cytoplasm provides support for the internal structure and provides a medium of suspension. Metabolic reaction and protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm. Periplasm (7) The periplasm is about 10nm thick. Located between the inner and outer membrane. Periplasm contains 80,000 proteins essential for nutrient binding, enzyme detoxifying and degradative and electron transport. Growth strategy for the production process Insulin is produce through genetic engineering. Firstly the gene producing human insulin is isolated and copied. A circular shape DNA (plasmid) is removed from the bacterium cell, and then using special proteins to cut open the plasmid ring. The insulin gene is inserted into the open plasmid ring and closed again using special proteins hence the human insulin gene is now combined with the bacterium DNA plasmid. The recombinant plasmid is then inserted into the bacteria cytoplasm using a very small needle syringe. (8) High level protein production often leads to formation of inclusion bodies which accumulated through protein folding. (5) The chain approach method was used to produce human insulin in recombinant E. coli. Two different expression vectors were constructed carrying either insulin A- or B-chain gene fused to a shortened and inactive É £-interferon gene allowing a stable cytoplasmic production of recombinant insulin in E. coli in the form of inclusion bodies. (2) Recovery of biologically active insulin from inclusion bodies has some advantages for example inclusion bodies accumulates protein in the cytoplasm to a much higher level, inclusion body could initially be isolated in a purified and concentrated state with just centrifugation process and final insulin concentration in E. coli can be increased significantly by high cell density culture (HCDC). (5) The HCDC technique was used to grow recombinant E. coli in a two stage cyclic fed batch bioreactor. After the expression system is developed, HCDC is carried out using synthetic medium with glucose as the sole carbon source to increase the recombinant protein concentration. (5) The induction of recombinant protein production was carried out by a temperature à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬shift from 30 to 42oC. Expressions of the A- and B-chain genes are controlled using a strong promoter (bacteriopage lambda) therefore, protein are produce efficiently by temperature shift. (2) The first step of purification to obtain human insulin was to centrifuge the solution to isolate the inclusion body. The inclusion bodies were then recovered from the centrifuge continued by dissolving the inclusion bodies using formic acid. Then use cyanogens bromide to cleave the peptide bond by hydrolysing the peptide bond for separation of insulin from the fusion protein partner. Finally the conversion to human insulin is performed by proteolytic removal of the connecting C-peptide and disulfide link. (2) The maximum productivity is achieved when the growth and production phase are separated hence a two stage cyclic fed batch bioreactor is used. The first stage is use to grow the cell to an optimum cell density followed by the second stage where the growth is suppressed by chemical and production of protein is maximize. (5) The cyclic fed batch is used to ensure that toxins and biomass do not accumulate, extend the productive phase, control the growth rate and optimize the product synthesis. (9) The by-product produced from the process was monomeric and multimeric forms of A- and B-chain connected by incorrect disulfide bridges. These by-products are collected too undergo sulfitolysis for recycling purposes. (2) How to analyse the growth process Off-line analysis methods were used to analyse the growth process. Samples were taken from the process every 30minute to be used to determine the optical density600, dry cell weight, dissolved oxygen tension and concentration of glucose. Result from the test are compiled and plotted in graphs therefore the growth process could be analysed. (2) Possible problems and solution The major problem in production of insulin by recombinant E. coli is the rapid intracellular degradation of the recombinant protein. Insulin is then produced as a fusion protein with a protein partner that would direct the recombinant gene product towards the formation of inclusion bodies. (2) Proteolytic degradation and over expressing protein can destabilize the protein hence protein are produced in the form of inclusion bodies which are complicated and expensive denaturing and refolding process during the downstream processing. To overcome this problem, recombinant protein could be targeted at the periplasm instead of the cytoplasm hence avoided formation of inclusion body. (5) In the process HCDC would cause several problems for example the limitation of dissolved oxygen due to high cell density and off gas accumulation which reduces the growth rate and enhance formation of acetate acid. The use of different promoters to regulate the level of expression and use of oxygen enriched air would minimize the problem. (5) During the HCDC process, overproduction of recombinant proteins often results in cell filamentation and stagnant growth. The filamentation of cells consequently lowers productivity and final cell concentration. The problem could be overcome by suppressing the cell filamentation, by co-expressing the E.coli ftsA and ftsZ genes. (5) Escherichia coli limitations E. coli is not appropriate to produce large and complex proteins which contain disulfide bonds or protein that require post translation modification. (5) Acetic acid is produce by E. coli when glucose is used as a carbon source. (5) Secretion of protein by E. coli is a complex process often fails due to incomplete translocation across the membrane and insufficient capacity of the export machinery.(10)

Wwe’s Handling of the Chris Benoit Scandle

To What Extent, if Any, Had WWE Distanced Itself From Chris Benoit? How Had In-Ring Performances Been Affected? Chris Benoit, before his tragic death, was a world renowned, top card professional wrestler for mainstream professional wrestling company, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE); formerly World Wrestling Federation (WWF). As WWE were broadcasting a tribute show in Benoit’s memory, news which addressed why the wrestler had passed began circulating. The answer to that question was indeed chilling and has led WWE to disassociating itself with their former icon and Benoit’s reputation hitting an all time low† (Ring Surf, 2009). Reports to this day reveal that, over a period of days, Benoit had choked his wife and smothered his son both to death, before taking his own life on June 2007. Previous to these events, WWE had always been under scrutiny. From the most respectable organizations, their content was deemed violent and sexist (Consoli and Torpey-Kemph, 1999 ).Also, since Chairman, Vince McMahon jr, publicly stated that professional wrestling matches are booked with predetermined outcomes, a butterfly effect-like chain of other various emerging news stories slowly began to unravel. More of which attempted to reveal further secrets behind the wrestling industry; namely depicting the neglectful treatment of performers. When journalists found Benoit’s story they had plenty of choice on what to blame; drugs, roid rage, etc. However, everyone knew that the WWE must be at fault. Lachlan, et al. 2009) states that; â€Å"the popularity attained by professional wrestling makes its presence impossible to ignore and concerns about its potential influence difficult to avoid†. For these reasons the WWE is always under high risk surveillance by press and critics. On February 2006, in response to another high profile wrestler’s untimely death, the company put a wellness policy in place, which tests for banned substances and perfor ms annual cardiac evaluations. The policy gained a positive reception and WWE looked to slowly disassociate itself from the reports that claimed to expose the wrestling industry.After Benoit’s death, most were looking to the wellness policy for an explanation; the US House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform requested that WWE hand in any material regarding the wellness policy, which had always been dealt with privately. Ashamedly, WWE had shortly after, suspended 11 wrestlers for violation of the policy and from then on have taken more stern measures when dealing with violations. It was ultimately found, by the Sports Legacy Institute, that Benoit had a severe case of chronic traumatic encephalopathy; â€Å"his brain showed an advanced form of dementia† (ABC News, 2007).ABC News (2007) quotes the neurosurgeon in question as saying that â€Å"while he can’t be certain that the brain damage caused Benoit’s actions, he believes it is the leading c ause†. Contrastingly and rather unsurprisingly, WWE have said in a later statement; â€Å"Today’s attempt to explain that Chris Benoit’s murder of his family was possibly caused by some form of dementia as a result of alleged concussions is speculative† (USA Today, 2007). Representing his WWE; Vince McMahon, in an interview with CNN (2009), further claims that these findings â€Å"haven’t even been critiqued by other members of the scientific community†.Regardless of the validity of the Sports Legacy Institute’s study; quick to dismiss the possibility of concussion, mental deterioration and any slight mistake or misconduct on the part of WWE, McMahon’s product falls under much more pressure. Continuing his interview, Vince McMahon defends that Benoit’s performances takes no responsibility for his actions. As a company constantly in the public eye, the WWE have banned chair shots to the head, but believe they have nothing more to answer for; â€Å"it’s what it is in the ring† he says.Upon learning of the tragedy, Vince had immediately recorded a public follow up statement, to air just before their next tri-weekly broadcast. Among his sincere concern for those involved, he assures (Mr. Mcmahons’ speach about Chris Benoit, 2007); â€Å"the facts of this horrific tragedy are now apparent. Therefore†¦ there will be no mention of Mr Benoit’s name tonight†. Referring to Vince McMahon’s CNN interview (2009), he explains â€Å"anyone who becomes a murderer, I mean, you want to disassociate yourself with that individual†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Chris Benoit has not, and will not define the WWE†.However, Vince McMahon and the WWE have since been under fire from wrestling fans and observers who inadvertently claim that through disassociation, the tragic incident involving Chris Benoit has defined how the WWE has grown and in many ways hidden over the years. Ther e is a net wide view from smarks (smart fans), that in an attempt to disassociate Benoit from the company, WWE have allowed vital and simple aspects of pro wrestling’s performance art to go with him. An online fan posts; â€Å"Benoit German suplex banned from WWE? † (Yahoo Answers, 2010) â€Å"No chops? (Balderson, 2010) WWE is NOT wrestling†, states another.Certain professional wrestling moves, created a long time ago and already interwoven into the fabric of the industry, as with many other wrestlers, had over time become synonymous with Chris Benoit. I have conducted a content analysis study using two samples of WWE PPV events to explore; to what extent, if any, WWE’s disassociation from Chris Benoit has had an effect on the content of their wrestling matches and the performance of their contracted wrestlers. WWE has always walked a thin, interesting line concerning the content of professional wrestling among their programming.Former professional wrest ler, Laurence De Garis remarks the following, regarding the (then) WWF’s 1999 prospectus; â€Å"Interestingly, professional wrestling is nowhere to be found in the description. The WWF’s definition of itself represents a shift in business models away from a sports-based, live-events business and more toward a television show† (Sammond, 2005). Such motives give the impression that the WWE may have assumed they had nothing to lose by disassociating itself from Chris Benoit in such a manner. In the past few years† he explains, â€Å"there has been emphasis on â€Å"mic work† and acting ability, as a professional wrestler I am primarily interested in â€Å"having matches†, hopefully good ones†. â€Å"Sampling in content analysis is subject to the same concerns it would be in any quantitative study. It should be both representative and significant† (Rose, 2007). Within my study, I was comparing two different time periods within (argu ably) a sports show; each sample I had taken had to be representative of a full year.As Rose (2007) states; â€Å"which sampling method you choose – or which combination of methods – will depend on the implications of your research question†. My research question as posed is representative of the highest quality sample, so as to investigate what kind, if any care is put into influencing the show. The sports show I am researching has designated Pay-Per-View events near monthly throughout the year. I have therefore chosen to analyse four PPV’s per sample I have. This equates to 26 hours of analysis. â€Å"Coding means attaching a set of descriptive labels (or categories) to the images† (Rose, 2007).The purpose of my study is to analyse how the relationship between Benoit and WWE has changed. As people have suggested that WWE has made an unnecessary effort to erase connotations of Benoit from any further matches, I have focused specifically on wrestli ng moves used regularly by Benoit. My analysis is categorised into three moves well used by Benoit and additionally three categories which document the use of any similar variation of those moves. These additional categories however are not as objective, as I have taken a subjective stance in determining whether they are to be counted or not.As Hansen, Cottle, Negrine & Newbold (1998) iterate; â€Å"content analysis, of course, could never be objective in a ‘value-free’ sense of the word: it does not analyse everything there is to analyse in a text (no method could, nor would there be any purpose in trying)†. Many wrestlers in the WWE have similar move sets and no two matches are ever the same. What is evident from personal experience with the WWE is that the moves I have coded aren’t necessarily only used by Chris Benoit. â€Å"A more sophisticated analysis can be developed by exploring the relations between different coding categories† (Rose, 2007 ).And as such, I had coded a further factoring category which would specify by which wrestler the move had been used; allowing me to see patterns in my results and explain further, any changes to how wrestlers are performing. Here are the written results, in chronological order of events, to accompany my graphs; emerging from the analysis I have conducted: Vengeance 2005 -Knife Edge Chop: 13. Michaels: 10, Jericho: 3 -Chop Variation: 3. Benjamin: 2, Christian: 1 -German Suplex: 3. Angle: 3 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 0 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 0 -Crossface Variations: 2. Carlito: 1, Benjamin: 1 Survivor Series 2005 Knife Edge Chop: 26. Benoit: 4, Flair: 15, Michaels: 5, Masters: 2 -Chop Variation: 3. JBL: 2, Show: 1 -German Suplex: 4. Benoit: 4 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 0 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 0 -Crossface Variations: 3. Booker: 1, Angle: 2 Royal Rumble 2006 -Knife Edge Chop: 61. Noble: 8, Flair: 8, Benoit: 23, Carlito: 1, Tatanka: 12, Murdock: 1, Mich aels: 8 -Chop Variation: 4. Show: 3, Viscera: 1 -German Suplex: 5. Benoit: 4, Angle: 1 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 1. Benoit: 1 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 1. Benoit: 1 -Crossface Variations: 3. Murdock: 1, Michaels: 1, Cena: 1 Wrestlemania (22) 2006 -Knife Edge Chop: 24.Flair: 8, Benoit: 3, Stratus: 4, Michaels: 9 -Chop Variation: 2. Flair: 1, Finlay: 1 -German Suplex: 8. Benoit: 3, Angle: 5 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 0 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 2. Benoit: 2 -Crossface Variations: 2. Cena: 2 24/06/07: Benoit’s death Summerslam 2008 -Knife Edge Chop: 0 -Chop Variation: 1. Kingston: 1 -German Suplex:0 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 0 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 0 -Crossface Variations: 4. MVP: 1, Marella: 2, Cena: 1 Survivor Series 2008 -Knife Edge Chop: 5. Michaels: 5 -Chop Variation: 1. Kingston: 1 -German Suplex: 0 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 0 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 0 -Crossface Variations: 1.Cena: 1 Royal Rumble 2009 -Knife Edg e Chop: 0 -Chop Variation: 9. Phoenix: 1, Finlay: 1, Kingston: 2, Show: 5 -German Suplex: 0 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 0 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 0 -Crossface Variations: 2. JBL: 1, Cena: 1 Wrestlemania (25) 2009 -Knife Edge Chop: 21. Snuka: 1, Steamboat: 2, Jericho: 1, Flair: 5, Michaels: 12 -Chop Variation: 9. Snuka: 2, Steamboat: 3, Show: 4 -German Suplex: 0 -Similar Belly to Back Suplex: 0 -â€Å"Crippler† Crossface: 1. Michaels: 1 -Crossface Variations: 2. M Hardy: 1, Cena: 1 These findings draw a clear line in the sand from the date of Benoit’s death as to how he is to be treated in WWE.Findings blatantly point to the Knife Edge Chop. Chris Benoit was relatively famous for this, and throughout my 2005-2006, pre death sample analysis, it was used 124 times. Whereas in my 2008-2009, post death sample analysis, almost no one on the roster was using it. Lack of this move however, did seem to be a business decision. At Wrestlemania 09; the WWE’s m ost prominent PPV of the year, veteran wrestler, Shawn Michaels had his retirement match. As such, out of respect for Michaels, it seems that Vince and the WWE had given him an exception to the otherwise enforced rule; as it is also prominent in Michaels’ repertoire.It comes to mention that Wrestlemania also played host to several guest veterans; for whose match had also given exception to the rule, despite that one regular wrestler was involved in their match, also using the move. However I can’t disregard that which proves, overall, Knife Edge Chops and German Suplexes are being removed from WWE wrestling. Over the history of professional wrestling, these specific moves have been a must-have in almost every technical (particularly British) wrestler’s arsenal.Nowadays WWE remains the powerhouse of the pro wrestling world; therefore many new and inexperienced companies will follow them by example and other rising wrestlers may eliminate these moves from their re pertoire to present themselves as a more viable WWE acquisition. Thereby WWE are affecting, not just themselves but the entire industry. As said above, the WWE, and following that, many subsequent companies, are caring more about out of ring performance, marketability and self promotion. Sammond (2005) specifies; â€Å"Inside the world of professional wrestling, many veterans and old timers lament that the â€Å"art† of wrestling has disappeared†.Whereas modern wrestling companies may in fact see this as progress. Eras and changes are frequent in wrestling, and most famously, the WWE. Only a few generations ago, â€Å"the wrestling business was a closely protected, closed society. Its secrets were strongly guarded† (Sammond, 2005). Changes can yet be caused by many things. Perhaps most popular; ‘The Attitude era’ was the result of one wrestler’s character push; Stone Cold Steve Austin. Upon realising that fans were responding to this archetyp al rebel over other faces (fan favourites), the WWE responded with edgier material.Though, this era inevitably saw its end when other factors came into play. The incident involving Chris Benoit however, had caused many to monitor WWE’s content. It is for this reason that the WWE has done its best to stay above any discreditable behaviour; taking any other action they feel necessary to remove themselves from under the microscope. Enter, the era of ‘PG’ [along with the smark boom]. I am very happy with the validity of my method. However there are certain things I would be able to research further to better present an answer.Using the same methods, it would be useful to analyse both, recent WWE years and other wrestling companies. Investigating how much influence WWE does in fact have over pro wrestling, and how they are evolving. My findings indicate that WWE’s reaction has given reason to remove any reference from future competition. Although we can believe this is a fickle publicity decision, these statistics reiterate that Benoit will never be put back on his pedestal; â€Å"he’s going to be known as the family killer first and great wrestler second† (Balderson, 2010).

Secret Facts About Essay on Social Issues That Only the Pros Know Exist

Secret Facts About Essay on Social Issues That Only the Pros Know Exist There are a couple of main things you want to learn about before you even begin picking social issues essay topics. When you compose a social issue essay, it is very important to demonstrate your private view of the issue. When you get a task to compose an essay on a social issue, you're given a chance to open an exciting discourse. When deciding on your social problems topic, don't forget that it's always far better to write about something you're already more or less acquainted with. Therefore, before deciding upon any topic, make certain you select a topic you find interesting and one which you can research and write on with ease. It is wise to choose a topic that you may easily research on. It is often as easy as narrowing your topic. Things You Should Know About Essay on Social Issues As a consequence, social issues can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools, including that seen in the United States of america. Our service is entirely confidential and moreover, it will probably be far cheaper than you may think. Secondly, employment service should supply the unemployed with funds to begin their own organization. Of course, before providing the loan, it must ensure that the borrower's business plan is competitive and meets the general requirements. Urbanization denotes the population shift from rural to urban locations. Climate change may be a social problem since it is known to be due to human activities like pollutio n which then impacts the weather patterns of distinct regions. International warming is a great case of climate change that's due to human activities over recent years. Issues with the environment are almost directly associated with poverty and difficulties with education. Essay on Social Issues Secrets That No One Else Knows About Social media has been among the more important causes of suicidal thoughts. Social networking encourages the false images of how everything ought to be in an ideal world. They has availed an easy and convenient mode of advertising which is quite effective. Social networking is the main reason for lots of the world's problems and solutions. Issues like homosexuality create a difference in how people react in society. Fashion and lifestyle trends can have an effect on how both teenagers and grownups communicate with one another in society. Social problems aren't universal to each society and have a tendency to change rapidly. The Chronicles of Essay on Social Issues Poverty in the society is the main source of a number of other social difficulties. Deficiency of education can have serious consequences on kids and adults and can influence health, living conditions and societal conditions. Deficiency of educationLack of education is among the causes of social issues. The majority of the students are in huge debt on account of the increasing tuition prices. What You Should Do to Find Out About Essay on Social Issues Before You're Left Behind Social issues transform almost every facet of society. Many social issues are debated for ages. The problem of pornography is also some social problems that may affect how folks interact with one another. The social justice issues can be classified beneath a list of social policy problems and social awareness difficulties. For a social issue to be classified as an issue, it has to be getting attention from the general public. There are a number of methods people use to combat social troubles. As stated by the structural perspective, society is seen as a complicated system of structures that interact to be able to carry out various necessary functions. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. The Benefits of Essay on Social Issues Apparently, bulk of the population in america earn their living by working for somebody and plenty of families in our country are based on the salary. Hate crimes are a developing issue especially in school settings due to the young populations which exist. Kids, kids and youths of the nation are future of the country so they're the principal target to increase awareness about any social problems. Pollution is an important social problem everywhere on account of the presence of human financial activities like industrial activity and day to day activities. Gossip, Lies and Essay on Social Issues Writing an intriguing essay about trendy topics is an opportun ity to reveal your understanding of earth. Social media can be seen in a variety of approaches therefore can be a good topic for a college essay. The following are a few steps for writing a great social essay. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a big quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search data in unconventional sources. There are a few crucial things you will need to understand so as to write up a fantastic essay. You can input ideas into your essay, but be certain they are in direct connection to the facts that you've already offered in the essay. Though you essay may contain very great info, one false bit of information can mess up your whole essay. The list might go on and it's not a all-inclusive list. What You Should Do to Find Out About Essay on Social Issues Before You're Left Behind There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. There is, in addition, the problem of pressure to attain degrees at the conclusion of the students' college education, and therefore, there's almost always a continuous struggle, hence the students become stressed to the amount of depression. Sometimes it may be overwhelming to the students that they're made to opt from the program. Students have a propensity of postponing their assignments on account of the distractions caused by their fun life.

Elements of a valid contract in Business Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2818 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Tags: Contract Law Essay Did you like this example? Introduction All contracts are agreements but not all agreements are contracts. A contract is a binding agreement between two or more individuals that is enforceable by law. The Law of Contract in Malaysia is governed by the Contracts Act 1950. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Elements of a valid contract in Business Law" essay for you Create order Section 2(h)[1] states that an agreement enforceable by law is a contract. Offer and acceptance analysis are the traditional approaches used in contract law to determine whether an agreement exist between two parties. The others are consideration and intention to create legal relationship between the parties in forming a contract. Section 10 (1)[2] states that all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. Verbal and written contracts It could be written or even be in oral. Contracts can be written by using formal or informal terms, or entirely verbal or spoken. It is a promise made between two or more parties that which allow the courts to make judgement. Some contracts have to be in writing, for example credit contracts, insurance contracts, agreements to buy and sell real estate, and agreements to buy cars from registered dealers. Standard form contracts Standard form contracts are commonly used by businesses that provide services to large numbers of customers. Your dealings with your electricity company, your insurer, your bank and so on are governed by this type of contract. They are offered on a take it or leave it basis you wont be given the opportunity to quibble over details youre not happy with. The type of agreement chosen to be elaborated in this assignment is the service agreement which is also a standard form contract. Elements of a Valid Contract The basic elements in the formation of a contract are offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention to create legal relation, free consent, certainty and valid object. The relevant provisions of the Contract Law Act 1950 for the following elements are as follows: Offer Section 2(a)[3] states that when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal; Acceptance Section 2(b)[4] states when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted: a proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise; Consideration Section 2(d)[5] states when, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise; Capacity Section 11[6] states every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. Intention to create legal relation Such an element is not denoted compulsory to form a valid contract in the Malaysian context of Contract Act did not. In this respect, the Malaysian constitution permits the use of English common law which is the Civil Law Act 1956. Free consent Section 14[7] states consent is said to be so caused when it would not have been given but for the existence of such coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, or mistake. Certainty Section 30[8] states agreements, the meaning of which is not certain, or capable of being made certain, are void. Valid object Section 24[9] states the consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unlessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  (a) it is forbidden by a law; (b) it is of such a nature that, if permitted, it would defeat any law; (c) it is fraudulent; (d) it involves or implies injury to the person or property of another; or (e) the court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy. In each of the above cases, the consideration or object of an agreement is said to be unlawful. Every agreement of which the object or consideration is unlawful is void. I have enclosed an example of agreement and the brochure of the plans by the service provider to this document. It is a service agreement with P1.Com. A service agreement is a type of agreement that falls under the broader realm of contract law. It defines the relationship between a customer and a service provider. In short, a service agreement outlines what services are to be provided, when they are to be provided, their costs, and th e responsibilities of each party involved in the agreement. Offer A display of goods in a shop window is an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is not an offer, it is only an invitation to make an offer. Advertisement can amount either to offers or to invitations to treat. If an advertisement is an offer then a person who accepts the offer makes a contract with the person who advertised. If an advertisement is only an invitation to treat then it cannot be accepted in such a way that a contract is thereby formed. An offer should not be made by a person who is not fully prepared to take legal consequences of its being accepted. But a response to an invitation to treat cannot result in a binding contract. The offer can be seen here when P1.com provides the brochure of the plans currently held (brochure attached to this document for reference). If a customer is interested, customer would then be given the registration form. In here customer would be able to read the agreement particulars at the back of the registration form. Should cust omer agree to these terms, they may proceed to fill in their particulars, select the plan which they wish to subscribe to and seal the agreement with a signature on the registration form. Acceptance [10]A promise or act on the part of an offeree indicating a willingness to be bound by the terms and conditions contained in an offer. Also, the acknowledgment of the drawee that binds the drawee to the terms of a draft. There are 3 types of acceptance. It may be conditional, express, or implied. Conditional Acceptance : A conditional acceptance, sometimes called a qualified acceptance, occurs when a person to whom an offer has been made tells the offeror that he or she is willing to agree to the offer provided that some changes are made in its terms or that some condition or event occurs. This type of acceptance operates as a counteroffer. A counteroffer must be accepted by the original offeror before a contract can be established between the parties. Another type of conditional acceptance occurs when a drawee promises to pay a draft upon the fulfilment of a condition, such as a shipment of goods reaching its destination on the date specified in the contract. Express A cceptance : An express acceptance occurs when a person clearly and explicitly agrees to an offer or agrees to pay a draft that is presented for payment. Examples of expressly accepting a contract include your signature, orally agreeing to the offer, shaking hands, or even exchanging business cards with the offer and accepted terms. Express acceptance is the most obvious and leaves no room for doubt that the offer was accepted. Implied Acceptance : An implied acceptance is one that is not directly stated but is demonstrated by any acts indicating a persons assent to the proposed bargain. Implied acceptance typically does not involve a contract, but rather is oral and action-based in nature. For instance, if youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve always hired the same person to paint your house every three years and you stop by their shop and tell them that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s been three years, they may just simply show up and paint your house, knock on the door, and you pay them. This wa s implied acceptance of the offer. The customer offered to let the painter paint his house again, and the painter accepted by going over to his house and painting it. Implied acceptance is typically only considered valid if you have a previous history of this type of acceptance already with this person. The acceptance context given below from the terms and conditions for P1 4G is of express acceptance. The context states : [11]It is important that you read these Terms carefully before signing the acceptance on the Registration Form. By signing on the Registration Form, you signify your acceptance to the Terms herein stated and to that posted online at www.p1.com.my. Consideration Consideration is where something with monetary value exchanged for an act, benefit, forbearance, interest, promise, right, or goods or services. I have found the following information from https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/consideration-every-contract-needs-33361.html which helped me understand the different angles to this single element. The website states : One of the parties was already legally obligated to perform. For example, a police officer cannot claim the reward for capturing a wanted suspect, because the officer is already legally obligated to capture and arrest people who break the law. The promise amounts to a gift, not a contract. If your rich uncle promises to give you money to buy a house, without any strings attached, that is a promise to make a gift. If he changes his mind, you cant force him to come up with the cash because his promise was one-sided; you have not done or promised to do anything in exchange. On the other hand, if you make a down pay ment on a house in reliance on his promise, and your uncle knows about it, a court may enforce his original promise. Although it still isnt a true contract, the law recognizes that its necessary to hold people to their promises once others take action on the assumption that the promise will be kept. This legal theory called promissory estoppel treats promises as contracts if the promise was reasonably relied upon. The exchange is for past consideration. When someone promises to give you something in return for something youve already done Im going to pay you $500 because you quit smoking last year a court will not enforce the promise to make the payment because the performance (quitting smoking) wasnt bargained for. You did it without knowing that someone would come along later and offer to pay for it. The bargained-for promise is illusory. For example, the laws in Marias state prohibit firing an employee for refusing to sign a noncompete agreement. Maria signs one anyway, under threat of losing her job. The agreement is unenforceable because Marias employer cannot do what it promised (or threatened) to do. A better approach would have been to provide Maria with some benefit or compensation if she signed the agreement, rather than threatening to fire her if she didnt. In the P1.com agreement, customer knows on what to expect of the service from the information given under the charges column. The details stated are : [12]Charges 7.1. Subscriber will be billed monthly for the Service subscribed. The types of charges that Subscriber incur will vary depending on the selected Service Package and data usage by Subscriber. Billing for Service will commence on the Service Activation Date. 7.2. The first bill shall include activation fee, one month advance monthly access fee, Device charge (if applicable), pro-rated monthly access fee and other applicable charges. Access fee will be pro-rated at the 1st monthly bill if Service Activa tion Date is after the billing date. All monthly bills will include, but not be limited to, service charges, the applicable taxes and other applicable charges associated with the Service. 7.3. Monthly bills can be viewed online via the Self Care Account portal. An e-mail notification will be sent to the Subscriberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s email address as stated in the Registration Form once a new bill is generated and has been placed online in the Self Care Account portal. A fee of Ringgit Malaysia Five (RM5.00) per bill will be charged if physical printed bills are required. Request for physical printed bills must be made directly to P1. 7.4. Payment of monthly bill by Subscriber to P1 can be made via auto debit by credit card, cash and/or other modes of payment acceptable by P1. Payment via auto debit by credit card is subject to approval of P1 and Subscriber shall provide P1 with the required information of Subscriberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit card and any other necessary information upon request. Subscriber shall be responsible for the validity of its credit card to ensure continuous Service. P1 reserves the right to suspend Service to Subscriber in the event any payment by Subscriber credit card is not successful. 7.5. In the event the amount stated in P1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bill or any part thereof remains unpaid after the stipulated due date, P1 reserves the right to temporarily suspend the account and charge the Subscriber interest on the sum that remains unpaid at the rate of 1.5% interest per month to be calculated from the stipulated due date to the date of full payment, or Ringgit Malaysia Ten (RM10.00) per month whichever is the greater. Acceptance of late or partial payment shall not waive P1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to collect the full amount of all charges billed for Service. Notice of any dispute must be made by Subscriber in writing to P1 within thirty (30) days from the date of the relevant monthly bill failing which Subscriber shal l be deemed to have accepted the bill and no objection raised after the said period will be entertained. If the objections relate solely to part of the amount on the invoice, P1 may request that Subscriber pay the undisputed part of the invoice by the due date. The paid amount will be credited back to Subscriberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s account in the event that after due investigation it is found that Subscriberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dispute and objection is valid. 7.6. P1 reserves the right to suspend or terminate provision of the Service when Subscriber fail to pay the amount indicated on the invoice nor raised any objection to same in writing by the due date without further notice nor compensation to Subscriber. 7.7. Subscriber is obligated to make reasonable inquiry in the event that Subscriber has not received any given monthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monthly bill within the expected time period. Subscriber acknowledges that non receipt of any statement of account, any monthly bill, sta tement or any correspondence in relation to the Service subscribed shall not be a valid reason for the Subscriber to withhold or delay payment to P1. Capacity Power provided under law to a natural person or a juridical person to enter into binding contracts, and to sue and be sued in its own name. Certain class of people are exempted from the category of people who are capable of entering into contract. They are infants/minors; insane; people under the influence of drug; bankrupt and enemy alien. The capacity section can be seen under 23 of P1.com agreement as follows : Subscriberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Warranties and Acknowledgement. [13] 23.1. Subscriber hereby warrants that: he/she/it has the legal capacity to enter into these Terms and is 18 years of age (by date) or above and a resident of Malaysia; and if Subscriber is a body corporate, it has the required corporate authority to enter, execute and be bound by these Terms. 23.2. Subscriber acknowledges that he/she/it has read and fully understood all the terms and conditions herein upon accepting these Terms and agrees to be bound by the same upon P1 accepting its application for the Service. Summary From this assignment we get to learn the types of contracts and basic elements found in a valid contract. The basic elements were then supported by the provisions found in our Contracts Law 1950. An agreement was later chosen in which few of the elements are elaborated and applied to the selected agreement. The selected elements are offer, acceptance, consideration and capacity. Here we learn how every element is applied and seen in our day to day life. Every goods or services obtained is either an agreement or a contract. The obvious now reflects what learnt from this subject and practised it everywhere. From shopping, gym memberships to our various activities. Reference Contracts Act 1950 : https://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%203/Act%20136.pdf P1.com agreement : https://www.p1.com.my/images/pdf/4G%20TC%20v5.2.2.pdf https://law.freeadvice.com/general_practice/contract_law/kind_acceptance.htm https://definitions.uslegal.com/c/capacity-to-contract/ https://www.n olo.com/legal-encyclopedia/consideration-every-contract-needs-33361.html [1] Contracts Act 1950, s 2 (h) [2] Contracts Act 1950, s 10 (1) [3] Contracts Act 1950, s 2(a) [4] Contracts Act 1950, s 2 (b) [5] Contracts Act 1950, s 2 (d) [6] Contracts Act 1950, s 11 [7] Contracts Act 1950, s 14 [8] Contracts Act 1950, s 30 [9] Contracts Act 1950, s 24 [10] https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acceptance [11] 2nd para of Terms Conditions P1.com agreement [12] P1.com agreement, no 7 [13] P1.com agreement, no 23